X-ray Diffraction (XRD) provides critical insights into the crystal structure, phase composition, and other structural characteristics of materials. It works by analyzing the diffraction patterns generated when X-rays scatter off the atomic planes of a crystal. This technique is widely used in applications such as mineral identification, thin-film evaluation, and catalyst surface analysis in industrial settings, as well as in material science, geology, and pharmaceuticals for characterizing metals, minerals, and synthesized compounds.